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The purpose of the study is to determine the recommended dose and further understand the safety of Lutetium-NeoB in participants who have been diagnosed with glioblastoma, a primary brain tumor, when administered in combination with your standard of care treatment, and in participants with recurrent glioblastoma as single treatment. This study will also explore the safety of the PET imaging agent, Gallium-NeoB and also how well this investigational imaging agent can identify gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a cell surface receptor molecule that is produced in large amounts by cancer cells in participants with the diagnosis. So far, it has shown to be helpful in producing good images to help doctors localize cancer cells in participants with GIST, breast, lung, prostate and other types of cancer. Lutetium-NeoB is a type of radioligand therapy which finds cancer cells in the body and delivers radiation to those cancer cells without hurting healthy cells. However, this is the first study where Lutetium-NeoB will be administered in combination with standard of care medication and radiotherapy, therefore, the use is considered investigational. Before starting study treatment, you will undergo an imaging procedure at screening called a PET scan, with administration of a new investigational imaging agent called Gallium-NeoB by intravenous (IV) injection. During the concomitant treatment period, participants will receive a single dose of Lutetium-NeoB every 3-4 weeks, depending on which group (recurrent or newly diagnosed) you are enrolled into. If you are in the newly diagnosed group, you will also receive radiotherapy and TMZ. During the maintenance treatment period, participants will continue to receive a single dose of Lutetium-NeoB every 3 or 4 weeks along with TMZ regimen. Participants will be in the study for about 6 weeks of screening, up to 9 months in the treatment period, and additionally for up to 60 months during the follow up period.

Age >= 18 years with Histologically confirmed glioblastoma according to WHO classification established following either a surgical resection or biopsy. Key Inclusion Criteria/Common Criteria (Group 1 - Newly diagnosed glioblastoma, Group 2 - Recurrent glioblastoma): 1. Signed informed consent must be obtained prior to participation in the study 2. Age \>= 18 years 3. Histologically confirmed glioblastoma according to WHO classification established following either a surgical resection or biopsy 4. Participants who are receiving corticosteroid treatment with dexamethasone, must be treated with a dose of =\<4 mg/day (or other corticosteroids at equivalent dose) for a minimum of 7 days before initiation of study treatment 5. Adequate bone marrow and organ function as defined by the following laboratory values obtained prior to receiving the first study treatment: 1. Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) \>= 1.5 x 10\^9/L 2. Platelet count \>= 100 x 10\^9/L 3. Hemoglobin \>= 10.0 g/dL 4. Creatinine clearance \>= 60 mL/min calculated by the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation . 5. Aspartate transaminase (AST) or Alanine transaminase (ALT) =\< 3.0 x ULN 6. Total bilirubin (TBIL) \< 1.5 × ULN (any elevated bilirubin should be asymptomatic at enrollment) except for participants with Gilbert's syndrome who may only be included if the total bilirubin is =\< 3.0 × ULN or direct bilirubin =\< 1.5 × ULN 7. Serum lipase ≤ 1.5 x ULN. For serum lipase \> ULN - =\< 1.5 x ULN, value must be considered not clinically significant and not associated with risk factors for acute pancreatitis Key Inclusion Criteria/Newly diagnosed glioblastoma (Group 1): 9. Availability of tumor tissue representative of glioblastoma from definitive surgery or biopsy, to support biomarker analysis 10. Presence of gadolinium enhancement at the tumor region in the pre-surgery MRI Key Inclusion Criteria/Recurrent glioblastoma (Group 2) 11. Presence of \[68Ga\]Ga-NeoB uptake by PET/CT or PET/MRI at the tumor region 12. Having first or second glioblastoma recurrence, after standard therapy that includes prior radiation therapy (RT) and at least 12 weeks from completion of RT 13. Evidence of recurrent disease (RD) demonstrated by disease progression using modified Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (mRANO) criteria. RD must be documented with at least one bi-dimensionally measurable contrast-enhancing lesion with clearly defined margins by MRI scan, with minimal diameters of 10 mm, according to mRANO criteria. For those participants who will undergo a second surgery for recurrence, pre-surgery MRI will be used for confirmation of RD. 14. If a second surgery is performed for glioblastoma recurrence, the following criteria must be met: 1. residual and measurable disease post-surgery is not required but surgery must have confirmed the recurrence diagnosis by MRI. 2. surgery completed at least 2 weeks prior to study treatment initiation, with post-surgery recovery without any complications related to surgical procedure. Key Exclusion Criteria/Common Criteria (Group 1 - Newly diagnosed glioblastoma, Group 2 - Recurrent glioblastoma): 1. Additional, concurrent, or active therapy for glioblastoma outside of the present study 4. History or current diagnosis of impaired cardiac function, clinically significant cardiac disease, or ECG abnormalities indicating significant risk of safety for study participants such as: a. Documented myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, cardiomyopathy, symptomatic pericarditis, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) within 6 months prior to study entry b. Long QT syndrome or family history of idiopathic sudden death or congenital long QT syndrome, or any of the following: i. Risk factors for Torsade de Pointes (TdP) including uncorrected hypocalcemia, hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, history of cardiac failure, or history of clinically significant/symptomatic bradycardia ii. Concomitant medication(s) with a known risk to prolong the QT interval and/or known to cause Torsade de Pointes that cannot be di