Research Studies

Pregnant females at least 16 years of age who meet the following criteria: a) cigarette smokers who exclusively smoke conventional cigarettes daily, or who use e-cigs daily, or who use either product daily and the other product at least weekly. b) ≤ 13 weeks gestation, however if we identify an electronic cigarette user after 13 weeks gestation we will still enroll her in study. We will enroll an additional conventional cigarette of a similar gestational age as a control participant. c) at least 16 years of age d) able to read and sign consent form e) intent to carry pregnancy to term