Research Studies

Inclusion criteria: Age between 18-35 years High level freestyle skiing and/or snowboarding (including but not limited to aerials, mogul, halfpipe, superpipe, big mountain, ski cross and/or slopestyle) We will also need controls in sports including but not limited to alpine, patrol, instructing, guiding, and or high level/elite level recreational skiing/snowboarding. Controls will be defined as high level skiers and snowboarders in non-freestyle events Exclusion criteria in both groups: An injury within the past six months that could impact the BMD (i.e weight bearing capacity) of any of the structures being investigated in this study including but not limited to: a fracture of the lumbar spine, pelvis, or femur, and/or a torn and surgically reconstructed ACL. Current or previous (within the last 6 months) presence of thyroid, intestine, kidney or endocrine system disease(s) that may interfere with BMD. Current or past (within the last 6 months) use of medication known to influence bone metabolism including: corticosteroids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anticoagulants. If female, highly irregular or missing menstrual cycles. Eumenorrhea will be defined as 10-13 spontaneous menses during the last 12 months Females on hormonal contraceptives are eligible. Any other conditions, deformities, or surgical implants making it difficult to perform a DXA scan