Research Studies

Inclusion 1. All subjects must be over the age of 18. 2. Primary Focal Dystonia patients must have had their diagnosis made by a neurologist with subspecialty training in movement disorders. 3. Dystonia patients must be on a stable dose of all medications used to treat dystonia or neuroactive medications (e.g. antidepressants) for the prior month and not have been injected with botulinum toxin within the prior 2 months. Exclusion 1. Subjects will be excluded for: 2. (1) any contraindication to MRI scanning, 3. (2) any untreated neurological or psychiatric condition, 4. (3) evidence on neurological exam of any potentially confounding neurological disorder (e.g., Parkinson disease, Essential Tremor, etc.), 5. (4) evidence of significant cognitive impairment (all subjects assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and excluded if < 26).27,28 6. Patients with dystonia symptoms beginning prior to the age of 18 will be excluded as childhood onset dystonia typically represents a primary generalized form of dystonia. 7. Patients with secondary dystonia resulting from medications (e.g. anti-psychotics or metoclopramide) or that are part of another neurological disorder (e.g. Parkinson disease) will be excluded. 8. Patients with severe dystonic symptoms that could interfere with MRI scanning will be excluded